BCOS-183 COMPUTER APPLICATION IN BUSINESS UNIT- 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

 

BCOS-183

COMPUTER APPLICATION IN BUSINESS UNIT-

1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS:

1. First Generation (1940s-1950s)

• Technology: Vacuum tubes.

• Characteristics: Large, expensive, and unreliable. They used

  vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. Programming was done in machine and assembly languages.

• Examples: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I).

  2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s)

• Technology: Transistors.

• Characteristics: Smaller, more reliable, and more energy-

  efficient than first-generation computers. They used transistors instead of vacuum tubes and magnetic core memory. Programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were developed.

• Examples: IBM 1401, UNIVAC 1108. 

• 3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s)

• Technology: Integrated Circuits (ICs).

• Characteristics: Even smaller, faster, and more reliable due

  to the use of integrated circuits. They marked the beginning of miniaturization and more powerful

processing capabilities. Operating systems and high-level

programming languages became more common. • Examples: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8.

4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1990s)

• Technology: Microprocessors.

• Characteristics: The development of microprocessors led

  to the creation of personal computers. These computers were smaller, cheaper, and more accessible, leading to the proliferation of PCs. They featured enhanced memory and storage capabilities.

• Examples: Intel 4004 microprocessor, Apple II, IBM PC. 

• 5. Fifth Generation (1990s-Present)

• Technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced microprocessors.

• Characteristics: Focuses on AI, machine learning, and parallel processing. These computers are characterized by their ability to process and analyze large amounts of data and perform complex computations. Development in networking and internet technology is prominent.

• Examples: Modern PCs, smartphones, supercomputers like IBM's Watson.

  6. Sixth Generation (Emerging)

• Technology: Quantum Computing, Bio-Computing, and Advanced AI.

• Characteristics: Still in development, this generation aims to push the boundaries of traditional computing. Quantum computers use quantum bits (qubits) to perform complex calculations at unprecedented speeds. Bio-computing

explores using biological processes for computing, and advanced AI seeks to achieve more sophisticated and autonomous systems.

• Examples: Google’s Sycamore, IBM’s Q System One.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS: 

1. On the Basis of Purpose

• General-Purpose Computers: Designed to perform a wide range of tasks and can run various applications. Examples include personal computers (PCs), laptops, and desktops.

• Special-Purpose Computers: Tailored for specific tasks or applications. Examples include embedded systems in appliances, calculators, and industrial machines.

  2. On the Basis of Size and Capacity

• Microcomputers: Small, personal computers used by individuals and small businesses. They include desktops, laptops, and tablets.

• Minicomputers: Mid-sized systems that were once used by medium-sized businesses for tasks like data processing and control applications. They have largely been replaced by more powerful computers.

• Mainframes: Large and powerful systems used by large organizations for bulk data processing and critical applications. They handle vast amounts of data and are highly reliable.

• Supercomputers: Extremely powerful machines designed for complex computations and simulations. They are used

in scientific research, weather forecasting, and complex modeling.

3. On the Basis of Data Handling or Technology Used

• Analog Computers: Process data in continuous form, representing information with physical quantities like voltage or mechanical movement. They are used in simulations and control systems.

• Digital Computers: Handle discrete data, using binary numbers (0s and 1s) to perform computations and store information. They include most modern computers, such as desktops, laptops, and servers.

• Hybrid Computers: Combine features of both analog and digital computers, enabling them to process both continuous and discrete data. They are often used in specialized applications requiring both types of data processing.

  COMPONENETS OF COMPUTER SYSYTEM HARDWARE&SOFTWARE:

  Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. Key elements include:

• CPU: The brain of the computer, handling data processing.

• Memory:

o RAM: Temporary storage for active tasks.

o ROM: Permanent storage for system instructions. • Storage Devices:

o HDDs: Traditional disk-based storage. o SSDs: Faster, flash-based storage.

• Input Devices: Tools like keyboards and mice used to input data.

• Output Devices: Devices like monitors and printers that display results.

• Motherboard: The main circuit board connecting all components.

• Power Supply Unit (PSU): Provides electrical power to the computer.

• Cooling Systems: Fans and heat sinks to manage heat. Hardware forms the physical base for a computer, enabling it to

  run software and perform tasks.

  Software refers to the collection of programs, procedures, and documentation that instruct a computer on how to perform specific tasks. Unlike hardware, which encompasses the physical components of a computer, software consists of the digital instructions that drive hardware functionality.

  Types of Software

  1. System Software:

o Purpose: Manages and controls computer hardware,

providing a platform for running application

software.
o Examples: Operating systems (Windows, macOS),

device drivers, and utility programs. 2. Application Software:

o Purpose: Designed to perform specific tasks or applications for users.

o Examples: Word processors (Microsoft Word), spreadsheets (Excel), web browsers (Chrome), and games.

Key Characteristics

• Intangibility: Unlike hardware, software cannot be touched; it exists in digital form.

• Versatility: Software can be updated or changed without altering physical hardware.

• Dependency: Software relies on hardware to execute its instructions, while hardware requires software to perform useful tasks.

  Purpose and Use

  Software enables computers to execute tasks, from basic operations to complex computations and user-specific applications, making it essential for the functionality and versatility of modern computing systems

  APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS: 

• 1. Business and Finance

  
  
  

• Accounting: Automated bookkeeping, financial reporting, and budgeting using software like QuickBooks and SAP.

• Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Managing interactions with customers and data analytics through platforms like Salesforce.

• Data Analysis: Performing complex data analysis and generating business insights using tools like Microsoft Excel and Tableau.

• E-Commerce: Facilitating online transactions and managing digital storefronts through platforms like Shopify and Amazon.

2. Healthcare

• Electronic Health Records (EHR): Storing and managing patient information digitally, improving accessibility and accuracy.

• Medical Imaging: Analyzing X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans using specialized software for diagnostic purposes.

• Telemedicine: Enabling remote consultations and monitoring of patients via video conferencing and health tracking applications.

• Pharmaceutical Research: Using computational models and simulations to accelerate drug discovery and development.

  3. Education

• E-Learning: Providing online courses, tutorials, and educational resources through platforms like Coursera and Khan Academy.

• Educational Software: Creating interactive learning tools and simulations for subjects such as mathematics, science, and languages.

• Classroom Management: Using software to track student progress, manage assignments, and facilitate communication between teachers and students.

  4. Science and Research

• Data Analysis and Modeling: Performing complex calculations, simulations, and data analysis for research in fields like physics, chemistry, and biology.

• Scientific Simulations: Modeling natural phenomena and conducting virtual experiments using software like MATLAB and Mathematica.

• Genomics: Analyzing genetic data and sequences using bioinformatics tools.

  5. Engineering and Manufacturing

• Computer-Aided Design (CAD): Designing and drafting blueprints for structures and machinery with software like AutoCAD and SolidWorks.

• Manufacturing Automation: Controlling and optimizing production processes using Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines and robotics.

• Simulation and Modeling: Testing engineering designs and processes through simulations to predict performance and identify potential issues.

  6. Entertainment and Media

• Digital Content Creation: Producing and editing graphics, videos, and audio using software like Adobe Photoshop, Premiere Pro, and Pro Tools.

• Video Games: Developing and playing interactive entertainment through advanced gaming systems and platforms.

• Streaming Services: Delivering on-demand media content, such as movies and music, through services like Netflix and Spotify.

  7. Transportation and Logistics

• Navigation Systems: Using GPS and mapping software for route planning and real-time traffic management.

• Fleet Management: Monitoring and optimizing the operation of transportation fleets with software tools.

• Supply Chain Management: Coordinating and managing inventory, shipments, and logistics through specialized software systems.

  8. Government and Public Services

• E-Government Services: Providing online access to public services such as tax filing, licensing, and voter registration.

• Public Safety: Using computer systems for emergency response, surveillance, and law enforcement.

• Urban Planning: Analyzing data and modeling city infrastructure and services to improve urban development.

  9. Agriculture

• Precision Farming: Using data and technology to optimize crop yields and manage resources with tools like GPS- guided tractors and drones.

• Farm Management Software: Tracking and managing farm operations, including crop and livestock management.

  10. Environmental Monitoring

• Climate Modeling: Simulating and analyzing climate data to study weather patterns and predict environmental changes.

• Wildlife Tracking: Monitoring and analyzing wildlife movements and populations using GPS and data collection technologies.

  ADVANATGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS:

Advantages of Computers

1. Speed:

o Efficiency: Computers can process and execute millions of instructions per second, making them significantly faster than manual calculations or tasks.

o Productivity: Tasks that took hours or days can be completed in minutes.

2. Accuracy:

o Error Reduction: Computers minimize human errors in calculations and data processing.

o Consistency: They provide consistent results for repetitive tasks without fatigue.

3. Storage and Retrieval:

o Large Capacity: Computers can store vast amounts of data in a compact space.

o Ease of Access: Information can be quickly retrieved and organized using databases and file systems.

4. Automation:

o Task Automation: Routine tasks such as data entry, report generation, and scheduling can be automated, saving time and resources.

o Manufacturing: Automated machinery and robots can perform complex manufacturing processes with precision.

5. Connectivity:

o Communication: Computers enable instant communication through email, messaging apps, and video conferencing.

o Internet Access: They provide access to vast resources, knowledge, and services online.

6. Flexibility:

o Versatility: Computers can perform a wide range of tasks from word processing to complex simulations and gaming.

o Adaptability: They can be customized with software to meet specific needs and applications.

7. Data Analysis:

o Complex Analysis: Computers can analyze large datasets to identify patterns, trends, and insights, aiding in decision-making.

o Scientific Research: They are essential for modeling and simulations in scientific research.

8. Educational Tools:
o Learning Resources: Computers offer educational

software, online courses, and interactive learning

tools.
o Accessibility: They provide access to information and

educational resources from anywhere.

Disadvantages of Computers

1. Dependency:

o Reliance: Overreliance on computers can lead to problems if systems fail or malfunction.

o Skill Degradation: Skills that were previously acquired may decline as people rely more on computers for tasks.

2. Security Risks:

o Cyber Threats: Computers are vulnerable to viruses, malware, and hacking, which can compromise data security.

o Privacy Issues: Personal and sensitive information can be exposed or misused.

3. Health Concerns:

o Physical Issues: Prolonged use can lead to health problems such as eye strain, repetitive strain injuries, and poor posture.

o Mental Health: Excessive screen time and online engagement can affect mental health and social interactions.

4. Cost:

o Initial Investment: Purchasing and maintaining computers and related equipment can be expensive.

o Upgrades: Regular upgrades and software licensing can add to the overall cost.

5. Complexity:

o Technical Issues: Computers can be complex to troubleshoot and repair, often requiring specialized knowledge.

o Learning Curve: New users may face challenges in learning how to use advanced software and systems.

6. Environmental Impact:

o E-Waste: Disposal of outdated or broken computers contributes to electronic waste, which can be harmful to the environment.

o Resource Consumption: Manufacturing and operating computers consume energy and resources.

7. Social Impact:

o Isolation: Excessive use of computers and online platforms can lead to social isolation and reduced face-to-face interactions.

o Job Displacement: Automation and technology can lead to job losses in certain industries.